(a) The Crusades left a lasting impact on the aspects of **** ***** relations.
(b) The ** states developed harsher attitudes towards its ***** subjects.
(c) In the areas of mixed populations (**, Jews and Christians), religious conflicts intensified.
(d) There was a greater influence of Italian mercantile communities (from Pisa, Genoa and Venice) in the trade between the East and the West even after the restoration of ** power.
(e) In the first crusade, soldiers from France and Italy captured Antioch in Syria and also claimed Jerusalem. Their victory marked by ***** of Muslims and Jews
(f) They increased the power of ** in Europe and increased its ability to create wars and inflict **** in the common people.
