The influence of China on Vietnam’ culture and life was multifarious before the French colonised Vietnam. Even when the latter gained independence in 1945, the rulers maintained the use of ** governance systems and culture. The elites were vastly influenced by ** culture and life, as has been elucidated in Phan Boi Chau’ book “The History of the Loss of Vietnam”. ** language and Confucianism were followed by the upper classes in Vietnam. In 1911, when the ** Republic was set up, Vietnamese students followed suit in organising the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam. Vietnamese men also kept their hair long—a *** tradition.
