(i) The nineteenth century was a turning point in forest management and the forms of state control over the teak and nonteak forests of Java.
(ii) If was the time when the bureaucrats of colonial Forest Service drew boundaries between forest and agricultural land on maps and in the field and established police to restrict people’* access to trees and other forest products.
(iii) The ideology of “scientific” forestry was being imposed by the colonial state and its foresters, on the local people who were the real owners of these forests.
